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학습 가이드 > College Algebra

Graphs of Linear Functions

We can now describe a variety of characteristics that explain the behavior of linear functions. We will use this information to analyze a graphed line and write an equation based on its observable properties. From evaluating the graph, what can you determine about this linear function?
  • Graph of the function f(x)= frac {2}{3} x plus 1initial value (y-intercept)?
  • one or two points?
  • slope?
  • increasing or decreasing?
  • vertical or horizontal?
In this section, you will practice writing liner function equations using the information you've gathered. We will also practice graphing linear functions using different methods and predict how the graphs of linear functions will change when parts of the equation are altered.

Graph Linear Functions

We previously saw that that the graph of a linear function is a straight line. We were also able to see the points of the function as well as the initial value from a graph. By graphing two functions, then, we can more easily compare their characteristics. There are three basic methods of graphing linear functions. The first is by plotting points and then drawing a line through the points. The second is by using the y-intercept and slope. And the third is by using transformations of the identity function [latex]f\left(x\right)=x[/latex].

Graphing a Function by Plotting Points

To find points of a function, we can choose input values, evaluate the function at these input values, and calculate output values. The input values and corresponding output values form coordinate pairs. We then plot the coordinate pairs on a grid. In general, we should evaluate the function at a minimum of two inputs in order to find at least two points on the graph. For example, given the function, [latex]f\left(x\right)=2x[/latex], we might use the input values 1 and 2. Evaluating the function for an input value of 1 yields an output value of 2, which is represented by the point (1, 2). Evaluating the function for an input value of 2 yields an output value of 4, which is represented by the point (2, 4). Choosing three points is often advisable because if all three points do not fall on the same line, we know we made an error.

How To: Given a linear function, graph by plotting points.

  1. Choose a minimum of two input values.
  2. Evaluate the function at each input value.
  3. Use the resulting output values to identify coordinate pairs.
  4. Plot the coordinate pairs on a grid.
  5. Draw a line through the points.

Example: Graphing by Plotting Points

Graph [latex]f\left(x\right)=-\frac{2}{3}x+5[/latex] by plotting points.

Answer: Begin by choosing input values. This function includes a fraction with a denominator of 3, so let’s choose multiples of 3 as input values. We will choose 0, 3, and 6. Evaluate the function at each input value, and use the output value to identify coordinate pairs.

[latex]\begin{array}{l}x=0& & f\left(0\right)=-\frac{2}{3}\left(0\right)+5=5\Rightarrow \left(0,5\right)\\ x=3& & f\left(3\right)=-\frac{2}{3}\left(3\right)+5=3\Rightarrow \left(3,3\right)\\ x=6& & f\left(6\right)=-\frac{2}{3}\left(6\right)+5=1\Rightarrow \left(6,1\right)\end{array}[/latex]

Plot the coordinate pairs and draw a line through the points. The graph below is of the function [latex]f\left(x\right)=-\frac{2}{3}x+5[/latex]. The graph of the linear function f\left(x\right)=-\frac{2}{3}x+5.

Analysis of the Solution

The graph of the function is a line as expected for a linear function. In addition, the graph has a downward slant, which indicates a negative slope. This is also expected from the negative constant rate of change in the equation for the function.

Try It

Graph [latex]f\left(x\right)=-\frac{3}{4}x+6[/latex] by plotting points.

Answer: cnx_precalc_figure_02_02_0022

Graphing a Linear Function Using Transformations

Another option for graphing is to use transformations of the identity function [latex]f\left(x\right)=x[/latex]. A function may be transformed by a shift up, down, left, or right. A function may also be transformed using a reflection, stretch, or compression.

Vertical Stretch or Compression

In the equation [latex]f\left(x\right)=mx[/latex], the m is acting as the vertical stretch or compression of the identity function. When m is negative, there is also a vertical reflection of the graph. Notice that multiplying the equation of [latex]f\left(x\right)=x[/latex] by m stretches the graph of f by a factor of m units if m > 1 and compresses the graph of f by a factor of m units if 0 < m < 1. This means the larger the absolute value of m, the steeper the slope.
Graph with several linear functions including y = 3x, y = 2x, y = x, y = (1/2)x, y = (1/3)x, y = (-1/2)x, y = -x, and y = -2x Vertical stretches and compressions and reflections on the function [latex]f\left(x\right)=x[/latex].

Vertical Shift

In [latex]f\left(x\right)=mx+b[/latex], the b acts as the vertical shift, moving the graph up and down without affecting the slope of the line. Notice that adding a value of b to the equation of [latex]f\left(x\right)=x[/latex] shifts the graph of f a total of b units up if b is positive and |b| units down if b is negative.
graph showing y = x , y = x+2, y = x+4, y = x-2, y = x-4 This graph illustrates vertical shifts of the function [latex]f\left(x\right)=x[/latex].
Using vertical stretches or compressions along with vertical shifts is another way to look at identifying different types of linear functions. Although this may not be the easiest way to graph this type of function, it is still important to practice each method.

How To: Given the equation of a linear function, use transformations to graph the linear function in the form [latex]f\left(x\right)=mx+b[/latex].

  1. Graph [latex]f\left(x\right)=x[/latex].
  2. Vertically stretch or compress the graph by a factor m.
  3. Shift the graph up or down b units.

Example: Graphing by Using Transformations

Graph [latex]f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}x - 3[/latex] using transformations.

Answer: The equation for the function shows that [latex]m=\frac{1}{2}[/latex] so the identity function is vertically compressed by [latex]\frac{1}{2}[/latex]. The equation for the function also shows that [latex]b=-3[/latex] so the identity function is vertically shifted down 3 units. First, graph the identity function, and show the vertical compression.

graph showing the lines y = x and y = (1/2)x The function, [latex]y=x[/latex], compressed by a factor of [latex]\frac{1}{2}[/latex].
Then show the vertical shift.
Graph showing the lines y = (1/2)x, and y = (1/2) + 3 The function [latex]y=\frac{1}{2}x[/latex], shifted down 3 units.

Try It

Graph [latex]f\left(x\right)=4+2x[/latex], using transformations.

Answer: cnx_precalc_figure_02_02_0092

Q & A

In Example: Graphing by Using Transformations, could we have sketched the graph by reversing the order of the transformations? No. The order of the transformations follows the order of operations. When the function is evaluated at a given input, the corresponding output is calculated by following the order of operations. This is why we performed the compression first. For example, following the order: Let the input be 2.

[latex]\begin{array}{l}f\text{(2)}=\frac{\text{1}}{\text{2}}\text{(2)}-\text{3}\hfill \\ =\text{1}-\text{3}\hfill \\ =-\text{2}\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Write Equations of Linear Functions

We previously wrote the equation for a linear function from a graph. Now we can extend what we know about graphing linear functions to analyze graphs a little more closely. Begin by taking a look at the graph below. We can see right away that the graph crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 4) so this is the y-intercept. Then we can calculate the slope by finding the rise and run. We can choose any two points, but let’s look at the point (–2, 0). To get from this point to the y-intercept, we must move up 4 units (rise) and to the right 2 units (run). So the slope must be

[latex]m=\frac{\text{rise}}{\text{run}}=\frac{4}{2}=2[/latex]

Substituting the slope and y-intercept into the slope-intercept form of a line gives

[latex]y=2x+4[/latex]

How To: Given a graph of linear function, find the equation to describe the function.

  1. Identify the y-intercept of an equation.
  2. Choose two points to determine the slope.
  3. Substitute the y-intercept and slope into the slope-intercept form of a line.

Example: Matching Linear Functions to Their Graphs

Match each equation of the linear functions with one of the lines in the graph below.
  1. [latex]f\left(x\right)=2x+3[/latex]
  2. [latex]g\left(x\right)=2x - 3[/latex]
  3. [latex]h\left(x\right)=-2x+3[/latex]
  4. [latex]j\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}x+3[/latex]
Graph of three lines, line 1) passes through (0,3) and (-2, -1), line 2) passes through (0,3) and (-6,0), line 3) passes through (0,-3) and (2,1)

Answer: Analyze the information for each function.

  1. This function has a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of 3. It must pass through the point (0, 3) and slant upward from left to right. We can use two points to find the slope, or we can compare it with the other functions listed. Function g has the same slope, but a different y-intercept. Lines I and III have the same slant because they have the same slope. Line III does not pass through (0, 3) so f must be represented by line I.
  2. This function also has a slope of 2, but a y-intercept of –3. It must pass through the point (0, –3) and slant upward from left to right. It must be represented by line III.
  3. This function has a slope of –2 and a y-intercept of 3. This is the only function listed with a negative slope, so it must be represented by line IV because it slants downward from left to right.
  4. This function has a slope of [latex]\frac{1}{2}[/latex] and a y-intercept of 3. It must pass through the point (0, 3) and slant upward from left to right. Lines I and II pass through (0, 3), but the slope of j is less than the slope of f so the line for j must be flatter. This function is represented by Line II.
Now we can re-label the lines.

Finding the x-intercept of a Line

So far, we have been finding the y-intercepts of a function: the point at which the graph of the function crosses the y-axis. A function may also have an x-intercept, which is the x-coordinate of the point where the graph of the function crosses the x-axis. In other words, it is the input value when the output value is zero. To find the x-intercept, set a function f(x) equal to zero and solve for the value of x. For example, consider the function shown.

[latex]f\left(x\right)=3x - 6[/latex]

Set the function equal to 0 and solve for x.

[latex]\begin{array}{l}0=3x - 6\hfill \\ 6=3x\hfill \\ 2=x\hfill \\ x=2\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

The graph of the function crosses the x-axis at the point (2, 0).

Q & A

Do all linear functions have x-intercepts? No. However, linear functions of the form y = c, where c is a nonzero real number are the only examples of linear functions with no x-intercept. For example, y = 5 is a horizontal line 5 units above the x-axis. This function has no x-intercepts. Graph of y = 5.

A General Note: x-intercept

The x-intercept of the function is value of x when f(x) = 0. It can be solved by the equation 0 = mx + b.

Example: Finding an x-intercept

Find the x-intercept of [latex]f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}x - 3[/latex].

Answer: Set the function equal to zero to solve for x.

[latex]\begin{array}{l}0=\frac{1}{2}x - 3\\ 3=\frac{1}{2}x\\ 6=x\\ x=6\end{array}[/latex]

The graph crosses the x-axis at the point (6, 0).

Analysis of the Solution

A graph of the function is shown below. We can see that the x-intercept is (6, 0) as we expected.
The graph of the linear function [latex]f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}x - 3[/latex].
 

Try It

Find the x-intercept of [latex]f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{4}x - 4[/latex].

Answer: [latex]\left(16,\text{ 0}\right)[/latex]

Example: Resistance of a Resistor

Electrical parts, such as resistors and capacitors, come with specified values of their operating parameters: resistance, capacitance, etc. However, due to imprecision in manufacturing, the actual values of these parameters vary somewhat from piece to piece, even when they are supposed to be the same. The best that manufacturers can do is to try to guarantee that the variations will stay within a specified range, often [latex]\pm 1\%,\pm5\%,[/latex] or [latex]\displaystyle\pm10\%[/latex]. Suppose we have a resistor rated at 680 ohms, [latex]\pm 5\%[/latex]. Use the absolute value function to express the range of possible values of the actual resistance.

Answer: 5% of 680 ohms is 34 ohms. The absolute value of the difference between the actual and nominal resistance should not exceed the stated variability, so, with the resistance [latex]R[/latex] in ohms,

[latex]|R - 680|\le 34[/latex]

Try It

Students who score within 20 points of 80 will pass a test. Write this as a distance from 80 using absolute value notation.

Answer: using the variable [latex]p[/latex] for passing, [latex]|p - 80|\le 20[/latex]

The most significant feature of the absolute value graph is the corner point at which the graph changes direction. This point is shown at the origin. Graph of an absolute function The graph below is of [latex]y=2\left|x - 3\right|+4[/latex]. The graph of [latex]y=|x|[/latex] has been shifted right 3 units, vertically stretched by a factor of 2, and shifted up 4 units. This means that the corner point is located at [latex]\left(3,4\right)[/latex] for this transformed function. Graph of the different types of transformations for an absolute function.

Example: Writing an Equation for an Absolute Value Function

Write an equation for the function graphed below. Graph of an absolute function. Two rays stem from the point 3, negative 2. One ray crosses the point 0, 4. The other ray crosses the point 5, 2.

Answer: The basic absolute value function changes direction at the origin, so this graph has been shifted to the right 3 units and down 2 units from the basic toolkit function. Graph of two transformations for an absolute function at (3, -2). We also notice that the graph appears vertically stretched, because the width of the final graph on a horizontal line is not equal to 2 times the vertical distance from the corner to this line, as it would be for an unstretched absolute value function. Instead, the width is equal to 1 times the vertical distance. Graph of two transformations for an absolute function at (3, -2) and describes the ratios between the two different transformations. From this information we can write the equation

[latex]\begin{array}{l}f\left(x\right)=2\left|x - 3\right|-2,\hfill & \text{treating the stretch as a vertical stretch, or}\hfill \\ f\left(x\right)=\left|2\left(x - 3\right)\right|-2,\hfill & \text{treating the stretch as a horizontal compression}.\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Analysis of the Solution

Note that these equations are algebraically equivalent—the stretch for an absolute value function can be written interchangeably as a vertical or horizontal stretch or compression.

Q & A If we couldn’t observe the stretch of the function from the graphs, could we algebraically determine it? Yes. If we are unable to determine the stretch based on the width of the graph, we can solve for the stretch factor by putting in a known pair of values for [latex]x[/latex] and [latex]f\left(x\right)[/latex].

[latex]f\left(x\right)=a|x - 3|-2[/latex]

Now substituting in the point (1, 2)

[latex]\begin{array}{l}2=a|1 - 3|-2\hfill \\ 4=2a\hfill \\ a=2\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Try It

Write the equation for the absolute value function that is horizontally shifted left 2 units, is vertically flipped, and vertically shifted up 3 units.

Answer: [latex]f\left(x\right)=-|x+2|+3\\[/latex]

Key Concepts

  • Linear functions may be graphed by plotting points or by using the y-intercept and slope.
  • Graphs of linear functions may be transformed by using shifts up, down, left, or right, as well as through stretches, compressions, and reflections.
  • The y-intercept and slope of a line may be used to write the equation of a line.
  • The x-intercept is the point at which the graph of a linear function crosses the x-axis.
  • Horizontal lines are written in the form, [latex]f(x)=b[/latex].
  • Vertical lines are written in the form, [latex]x=b[/latex].
  • Parallel lines have the same slope.
  • Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes, assuming neither is vertical.
  • A line parallel to another line, passing through a given point, may be found by substituting the slope value of the line and the x- and y-values of the given point into the equation, [latex]f\left(x\right)=mx+b[/latex], and using the b that results. Similarly, the point-slope form of an equation can also be used.
  • A line perpendicular to another line, passing through a given point, may be found in the same manner, with the exception of using the negative reciprocal slope.
  • The absolute value function is commonly used to measure distances between points.
  • Applied problems, such as ranges of possible values, can also be solved using the absolute value function.
  • The graph of the absolute value function resembles a letter V. It has a corner point at which the graph changes direction.
  • In an absolute value equation, an unknown variable is the input of an absolute value function.
  • If the absolute value of an expression is set equal to a positive number, expect two solutions for the unknown variable.
  • An absolute value equation may have one solution, two solutions, or no solutions.
  • An absolute value inequality is similar to an absolute value equation but takes the form [latex]|A|<B,|A|\le B,|A|>B,\text{ or }|A|\ge B[/latex]. It can be solved by determining the boundaries of the solution set and then testing which segments are in the set.
  • Absolute value inequalities can also be solved graphically.

Glossary

absolute value equation an equation of the form [latex]|A|=B[/latex], with [latex]B\ge 0[/latex]; it will have solutions when [latex]A=B[/latex] or [latex]A=-B[/latex] absolute value inequality a relationship in the form [latex]|{ A }|<{ B },|{ A }|\le { B },|{ A }|>{ B },\text{or }|{ A }|\ge{ B }[/latex] horizontal line a line defined by [latex]f\left(x\right)=b[/latex], where b is a real number. The slope of a horizontal line is 0. parallel lines two or more lines with the same slope perpendicular lines two lines that intersect at right angles and have slopes that are negative reciprocals of each other vertical line a line defined by [latex]x=a[/latex], where a is a real number. The slope of a vertical line is undefined. x-intercept the point on the graph of a linear function when the output value is 0; the point at which the graph crosses the horizontal axis

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